文本处理命令 grep
# grep
grep 是"Global Regular Expressions Print"的首字母缩写词，意为全局正则表达式打印。grep 是一个逐行扫描指定文件或文件的程序，返回包含模式的行。模式是一种表达式，它通过将字符解释为元字符来指定一组字符串。例如，星号元字符（*）被解释为"前面元素的零个或多个"。这使用户能够在 grep 命令中键入一系列短字符和元字符，以使计算机向我们显示哪些文件匹配的行。
# 语法格式
| 语法 | |
|---|---|
| 第一种 | grep [option] [pattern] [file1,file2] |
| 第二种 | command | grep [option] [pattren] |
# 参数
| 选项 | 含义 |
|---|---|
-v | 不显示匹配行信息 |
-i | 搜索时忽略大小写 |
-n | 显示行号 |
-r | 递归搜素 |
-E | 支持扩展正则表达式 |
-F | 不按正则表达式匹配，按照字符串字面意思匹配 |
-c | 只显示匹配行总数，不显示具体内容 |
-w | 匹配整词 |
-x | 匹配整行 |
-l | 只显示文件名，不显示匹配行内容 |
-s | 不显示错误信息 |
# 练习
# 测试脚本
#!/usr/bin/env bash
PATH=/bin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:~/bin
export PATH
# grep 练习
filepath=$(
cd "$(dirname "$0")"
pwd
)
testpath="${filepath}/test_dir"
Green_font_prefix="\033[32m" && Red_font_prefix="\033[31m" && Green_background_prefix="\033[42;37m" && Red_background_prefix="\033[41;37m" && Font_color_suffix="\033[0m"
function test_grep() {
mkdir -p ${testpath} && cd ${testpath}
# 将 man 文档分割成数个文件，每个文件 20 行
split /etc/man_db.conf -d -a 2 -l 20 man_db_
echo -e "\n${Green_font_prefix}------ 查找当前目录下的所有文件 ------${Font_color_suffix}\n" && find ${filepath} -type f -exec ls -la {} \;
echo -e "\n${Green_font_prefix}------ 在 man_db_00 文件中查找包含 man 字段的行 ------${Font_color_suffix}\n" && grep man man_db_00
echo -e "\n${Green_font_prefix}------ 在 man_db_00 文件中查找包含 man 字段的行(不区分大小写) ------${Font_color_suffix}\n" && grep -i man man_db_00
echo -e "\n${Green_font_prefix}------ 在 man_db_00 文件中查找不包含 man 字段的行(反向查找) ------${Font_color_suffix}\n" && grep -v man man_db_00
echo -e "\n${Green_font_prefix}------ 在 man_db_00 文件中查找包含 man 字段的行并显示行号 ------${Font_color_suffix}\n" && grep -n man man_db_00
echo -e "\n${Green_font_prefix}------ 在 man_db_01 文件中查找符合正则表达式 *PATH* 的行并显示行号 ------${Font_color_suffix}\n" && grep -n "*PATH*" man_db_01
echo -e "\n${Green_font_prefix}------ 在 man_db_01 文件中查找符合 *PATH* 的行并显示行号(不按照正则表达式匹配) ------${Font_color_suffix}\n" && grep -n -F "*PATH*" man_db_01
echo -e "\n${Green_font_prefix}------ 在 man_db_01 文件中查找符合扩展正则表达式 man|MAN 的行并显示行号 ------${Font_color_suffix}\n" && grep -n -E "man|MAN" man_db_01
echo -e "\n${Green_font_prefix}------ 在 man_db_01 文件中查找符合扩展正则表达式 man|MAN 的行总数 ------${Font_color_suffix}\n" && grep -c -E "man|MAN" man_db_01
echo -e "\n${Green_font_prefix}------ 在 man_db_01 文件中查找包含 /bin 的行并显示行号 ------${Font_color_suffix}\n" && grep "/bin" man_db_01
echo -e "\n${Green_font_prefix}------ 在 man_db_01 文件中查找符合 /bin 全字符的行并显示行号 ------${Font_color_suffix}\n" && grep -w "/bin" man_db_01
echo -e "\n${Green_font_prefix}------ 查找当前目录下的所有文件中查找包含 man 字段的行并显示行号(递归搜索) ------${Font_color_suffix}\n" && grep -r -n man
# 删除测试目录
cd ${filepath} && rm -rf test_dir/
}
test_grep
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
# 运行结果
------ 查找当前目录下的所有文件 ------
-rw-r--r--. 1 ryan ryan 801 Oct 2 19:10 /home/ryan/Documents/test_dir/man_db_00
-rw-r--r--. 1 ryan ryan 749 Oct 2 19:10 /home/ryan/Documents/test_dir/man_db_01
-rw-r--r--. 1 ryan ryan 1045 Oct 2 19:10 /home/ryan/Documents/test_dir/man_db_02
-rw-r--r--. 1 ryan ryan 722 Oct 2 19:10 /home/ryan/Documents/test_dir/man_db_03
-rw-r--r--. 1 ryan ryan 541 Oct 2 19:10 /home/ryan/Documents/test_dir/man_db_04
-rw-r--r--. 1 ryan ryan 917 Oct 2 19:10 /home/ryan/Documents/test_dir/man_db_05
-rw-r--r--. 1 ryan ryan 396 Oct 2 19:10 /home/ryan/Documents/test_dir/man_db_06
------ 在 man_db_00 文件中查找包含 man 字段的行 ------
# This file is used by the man-db package to configure the man and cat paths.
# It is also used to provide a manpath for those without one by examining
# their PATH environment variable. For details see the manpath(5) man page.
# MANDATORY_MANPATH manpath_element
# MANPATH_MAP path_element manpath_element
# MANDB_MAP global_manpath [relative_catpath]
#MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/src/pvm3/man
MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/man
------ 在 man_db_00 文件中查找包含 man 字段的行(不区分大小写) ------
# This file is used by the man-db package to configure the man and cat paths.
# It is also used to provide a manpath for those without one by examining
# their PATH environment variable. For details see the manpath(5) man page.
# MANDATORY_MANPATH manpath_element
# MANPATH_MAP path_element manpath_element
# MANDB_MAP global_manpath [relative_catpath]
# every automatically generated MANPATH includes these fields
#MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/src/pvm3/man
MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/man
------ 在 man_db_00 文件中查找不包含 man 字段的行(反向查找) ------
#
#
#
# Lines beginning with `#' are comments and are ignored. Any combination of
# tabs or spaces may be used as `whitespace' separators.
#
# There are three mappings allowed in this file:
# --------------------------------------------------------
#---------------------------------------------------------
# every automatically generated MANPATH includes these fields
#
#
------ 在 man_db_00 文件中查找包含 man 字段的行并显示行号 ------
3:# This file is used by the man-db package to configure the man and cat paths.
4:# It is also used to provide a manpath for those without one by examining
5:# their PATH environment variable. For details see the manpath(5) man page.
12:# MANDATORY_MANPATH manpath_element
13:# MANPATH_MAP path_element manpath_element
14:# MANDB_MAP global_manpath [relative_catpath]
18:#MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/src/pvm3/man
20:MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/man
------ 在 man_db_01 文件中查找符合正则表达式 *PATH* 的行并显示行号 ------
7:# *PATH* -> *MANPATH*
------ 在 man_db_01 文件中查找符合 *PATH* 的行并显示行号(不按照正则表达式匹配) ------
7:# *PATH* -> *MANPATH*
------ 在 man_db_01 文件中查找符合扩展正则表达式 man|MAN 的行并显示行号 ------
1:MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/share/man
2:MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/local/share/man
4:# set up PATH to MANPATH mapping
5:# ie. what man tree holds man pages for what binary directory.
7:# *PATH* -> *MANPATH*
9:MANPATH_MAP /bin /usr/share/man
10:MANPATH_MAP /usr/bin /usr/share/man
11:MANPATH_MAP /sbin /usr/share/man
12:MANPATH_MAP /usr/sbin /usr/share/man
13:MANPATH_MAP /usr/local/bin /usr/local/man
14:MANPATH_MAP /usr/local/bin /usr/local/share/man
15:MANPATH_MAP /usr/local/sbin /usr/local/man
16:MANPATH_MAP /usr/local/sbin /usr/local/share/man
17:MANPATH_MAP /usr/X11R6/bin /usr/X11R6/man
18:MANPATH_MAP /usr/bin/X11 /usr/X11R6/man
19:MANPATH_MAP /usr/games /usr/share/man
20:MANPATH_MAP /opt/bin /opt/man
------ 在 man_db_01 文件中查找符合扩展正则表达式 man|MAN 的行总数 ------
17
------ 在 man_db_01 文件中查找包含 /bin 的行并显示行号 ------
MANPATH_MAP /bin /usr/share/man
MANPATH_MAP /usr/bin /usr/share/man
MANPATH_MAP /usr/local/bin /usr/local/man
MANPATH_MAP /usr/local/bin /usr/local/share/man
MANPATH_MAP /usr/X11R6/bin /usr/X11R6/man
MANPATH_MAP /usr/bin/X11 /usr/X11R6/man
MANPATH_MAP /opt/bin /opt/man
------ 在 man_db_01 文件中查找符合 /bin 全字符的行并显示行号 ------
MANPATH_MAP /bin /usr/share/man
------ 查找当前目录下的所有文件中查找包含 man 字段的行并显示行号(递归搜索) ------
man_db_00:3:# This file is used by the man-db package to configure the man and cat paths.
man_db_00:4:# It is also used to provide a manpath for those without one by examining
man_db_00:5:# their PATH environment variable. For details see the manpath(5) man page.
man_db_00:12:# MANDATORY_MANPATH manpath_element
man_db_00:13:# MANPATH_MAP path_element manpath_element
man_db_00:14:# MANDB_MAP global_manpath [relative_catpath]
man_db_00:18:#MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/src/pvm3/man
man_db_00:20:MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/man
man_db_01:1:MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/share/man
man_db_01:2:MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/local/share/man
man_db_01:5:# ie. what man tree holds man pages for what binary directory.
man_db_01:9:MANPATH_MAP /bin /usr/share/man
man_db_01:10:MANPATH_MAP /usr/bin /usr/share/man
man_db_01:11:MANPATH_MAP /sbin /usr/share/man
man_db_01:12:MANPATH_MAP /usr/sbin /usr/share/man
man_db_01:13:MANPATH_MAP /usr/local/bin /usr/local/man
man_db_01:14:MANPATH_MAP /usr/local/bin /usr/local/share/man
man_db_01:15:MANPATH_MAP /usr/local/sbin /usr/local/man
man_db_01:16:MANPATH_MAP /usr/local/sbin /usr/local/share/man
man_db_01:17:MANPATH_MAP /usr/X11R6/bin /usr/X11R6/man
man_db_01:18:MANPATH_MAP /usr/bin/X11 /usr/X11R6/man
man_db_01:19:MANPATH_MAP /usr/games /usr/share/man
man_db_01:20:MANPATH_MAP /opt/bin /opt/man
man_db_02:1:MANPATH_MAP /opt/sbin /opt/man
man_db_02:3:# For a manpath element to be treated as a system manpath (as most of those
man_db_02:6:# manpath. If no catpath string is used, the catpath will default to the
man_db_02:7:# given manpath.
man_db_02:9:# You *must* provide all system manpaths, including manpaths for alternate
man_db_02:10:# operating systems, locale specific manpaths, and combinations of both, if
man_db_02:11:# they exist, otherwise the permissions of the user running man/mandb will
man_db_02:12:# be used to manipulate the manual pages. Also, mandb will not initialise
man_db_02:13:# the database cache for any manpaths not mentioned below unless explicitly
man_db_02:20:# Any manpaths that are subdirectories of other manpaths must be mentioned
man_db_03:1:# *before* the containing manpath. E.g. /usr/man/preformat must be listed
man_db_03:2:# before /usr/man.
man_db_03:6:MANDB_MAP /usr/man /var/cache/man/fsstnd
man_db_03:7:MANDB_MAP /usr/share/man /var/cache/man
man_db_03:8:MANDB_MAP /usr/local/man /var/cache/man/oldlocal
man_db_03:9:MANDB_MAP /usr/local/share/man /var/cache/man/local
man_db_03:10:MANDB_MAP /usr/X11R6/man /var/cache/man/X11R6
man_db_03:11:MANDB_MAP /opt/man /var/cache/man/opt
man_db_04:2:#DEFINE troff groff -mandoc
man_db_04:3:#DEFINE nroff nroff -mandoc -c
man_db_06:10:# NOCACHE keeps man from creating cat pages.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
# 类似命令
# egrep
egrep 是"Extended Global Regular Expressions Print"的首字母缩写词。grep 默认不支持扩展正则表达式，只支持基础正则表达式，想要支持扩展正则表达式可以：
- 使用
grep -E命令 - 使用
wgrep命令
# fgrep
fgrep 是 "Fixed-string Global Regular Expressions Print" 的首字母缩写词，意为固定字符串全局正则表达式打印。
fgrep 命令用于查找文件里符合条件的字符串，等价于 grep -F 命令。
# pgrep
pgrep 是"Process-ID Global Regular Expressions Print"的首字母缩写词。pgrep 命令以名称为依据从运行进程队列中查找进程，并显示查找到的进程 id。每一个进程 ID 以一个十进制数表示，通过一个分割字符串和下一个 ID 分开，默认的分割字符串是一个新行。对于每个属性选项，用户可以在命令行上指定一个以逗号分割的可能值的集合。
# 选项
| 选项 | 描述 |
|---|---|
-o | 仅显示找到的最小（起始）进程号； |
-n | 仅显示找到的最大（结束）进程号； |
-l | 显示进程名称； |
-P | 指定父进程号； |
-g | 指定进程组； |
-t | 指定开启进程的终端； |
-u | 指定进程的有效用户 ID。 |
# 文档
Usage:
pgrep [options] <pattern>
Options:
-d, --delimiter <string> specify output delimiter
-l, --list-name list PID and process name
-a, --list-full list PID and full command line
-v, --inverse negates the matching
-w, --lightweight list all TID
-c, --count count of matching processes
-f, --full use full process name to match
-g, --pgroup <PGID,...> match listed process group IDs
-G, --group <GID,...> match real group IDs
-n, --newest select most recently started
-o, --oldest select least recently started
-P, --parent <PPID,...> match only child processes of the given parent
-s, --session <SID,...> match session IDs
-t, --terminal <tty,...> match by controlling terminal
-u, --euid <ID,...> match by effective IDs
-U, --uid <ID,...> match by real IDs
-x, --exact match exactly with the command name
-F, --pidfile <file> read PIDs from file
-L, --logpidfile fail if PID file is not locked
--ns <PID> match the processes that belong to the same
namespace as <pid>
--nslist <ns,...> list which namespaces will be considered for
the --ns option.
Available namespaces: ipc, mnt, net, pid, user, uts
-h, --help display this help and exit
-V, --version output version information and exit
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
# 测试
[ryan@ryan-tencentcloud-2]~ pgrep -lo nginx # nginx 最小进程号
4399 nginx
[ryan@ryan-tencentcloud-2]~ pgrep -ln nginx # nginx 最大进程号
4400 nginx
[ryan@ryan-tencentcloud-2]~ pgrep -l nginx # nginx 进程号和进程名
4399 nginx
4400 nginx
[ryan@ryan-tencentcloud-2]~ pgrep -la nginx # nginx 进程号和命令
4399 nginx: master process /usr/sbin/nginx
4400 nginx: worker process
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
# rgrep
rgrep 命令用于递归查找文件里符合条件的字符串，类似于 grep -r 命令。